Pedro G. Prata
El arte gótico es un estilo que se desarrolló en Europa occidental durante los últimos siglos de la Edad Media, desde mediados del siglo XII hasta la implantación del Renacimiento (siglo XV para Italia, y bien entrado el siglo XVI en los lugares donde el gótico pervivió más tiempo).
Se trata de un amplio período artístico, que surge en el norte de Francia y se expande por todo Occidente. Según los países y las regiones se desarrolla en momentos cronológicos diversos, ofreciendo en su amplio desarrollo diferenciaciones profundas: más puro en Francia (siendo bien distinto el de París y el de Provenza), más horizontal y cercano a la tradición clásica en Italia (aunque al norte se acoge uno de los ejemplos más paradigmáticos, como la catedral de Milán), con peculiaridades locales en Flandes, Alemania, Inglaterra, Castilla y Aragón.
O gótico designa uma fase da história da arte ocidental, identificável por características muito próprias de contexto social, político e religioso em conjugação com valores estéticos e filosóficos e que surge como resposta à austeridade do estilo românico.Este movimento cultural e artístico desenvolve-se durante a Idade Média, no contexto do Renascimento do Século XII e prolonga-se até ao advento do Renascimento Italiano em Florença, quando a inspiração clássica quebra a linguagem artística até então difundida.Os primeiros passos são dados a meados do século XII em França no campo da arquitectura (mais especificamente na construção de catedrais) e, acabando por abranger outras disciplinas estéticas, estende-se pela Europa até ao início do século XVI, já não apresentando então uma uniformidade geográfica.A arquitectura, em comunhão com a religião, vai formar o eixo de maior de maior relevo deste movimento e vai cunhar profundamente todo o desenvolvimento estético.
Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted about 200 years. It began in France out of the Romanesque period in the mid-12th century, concurrent with Gothic architecture found in Cathedrals. By the late 14th century, it had evolved towards a more secular and natural style known as International Gothic, which continued until the late 15th century, where it evolved into Renaissance art. The primary Gothic art mediums were sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscript.
Gothic art told a narrative story through pictures, both Christian and secular.
The earliest Gothic art was Christian sculptures, born on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Christian art was often typological in nature (see Medieval allegory), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.
Secular art came in to its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increasing trade, a money-based economy and a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guild—as a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous, some artists were even so bold as to sign their names.
Gothic art told a narrative story through pictures, both Christian and secular.
The earliest Gothic art was Christian sculptures, born on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Christian art was often typological in nature (see Medieval allegory), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.
Secular art came in to its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increasing trade, a money-based economy and a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guild—as a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous, some artists were even so bold as to sign their names.
