Paul Watson Arctic Bureau
"ABOARD THE CCGS LOUIS S. ST-LAURENT–Without a microscope, most plankton are easy to miss. And when the tiny marine creatures do come into focus, they aren't much to look at.
Until you peer closer, and listen to what they have to say.
Way down near the bottom of the oceans' food chain, animals known as zooplankton drift on the currents, feeding on each other, eating still lower life forms such as bacteria and viruses, or in most cases, grazing on microscopic plant life, called phytoplankton.
As tiny, and as hard to love, as plankton are, scientists studying them say that if global warming makes things go bad for these organisms, the pain will run all the way up the food chain to humans.
"So in one way, the plankton are a type of canary in a coal mine," says John Nelson, a Department of Fisheries and Oceans scientist examining plankton at the Institute of Ocean Sciences in Sidney, B.C. "They will be affected by, and respond to, environmental change and we can detect this by studying them."
At first glance, zooplankton seem more likely to model for horror movie special effects than a "Save the World" poster.
The Arrow worm, known as the tiger of the zooplankton, is shaped like a torpedo. Its minuscule head has a halo of spines that the creature uses to swallow its prey whole.
Copepods, usually less than 8 millimetres long, are parasites with long antenna and a pair of leg-like limbs that the animal uses to push its hard-shelled body through the water in quick, jerking bursts of speed. Fish larvae love to eat them.
Other species of zooplankton look like microscopic shrimps, or jellyfish with sticky tentacles to trap food and cram it into their mouths. Some glow green – bright green – when bothered.
Kelly Young, 28, is a seagoing technician collecting millions of plankton in sample jars for study later in Nelson's lab, as CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent, pride of Canada's icebreaker fleet, steams through the Northwest Passage.
She has a soft spot for plankton.
"They're actually very pretty to look at," she said, after filling more jars with mushy sludges of sea life that looked like frozen margaritas.
Young is on a team of six Canadian scientists and students aboard the ship they affectionately call The Louis, which set sail for the Arctic's Northwest Passage from St. John's, Nfld., on July 20.
Twice each day, in the morning and evening, The Louis's crew slows the 5,300-tonne ship to a stop in the ocean so the scientists can go to work on the rolling deck. Young runs a piece of equipment called bongo nets because they look like two pairs of drums lashed together.
Little propellers mounted at the top measure the flow of water through long, fine-meshed conical nets. They dance in the frigid wind like Japanese kites when the equipment is winched over the side of the ship to be lowered 100 metres into the ocean.
The nets are quickly hauled back in, at 1 metre per second, so that fish and most other sea animals bigger than plankton escape. Young then washes her catch into small buckets, called cod ends, on each end of the four nets.
She bottles some of the concentrated samples in ethanol to preserve the plankton for DNA analysis. Others end up in formalin, a kind of embalming fluid, so different species of zooplankton can be catalogued, and the number in each group counted.
She kept one of her captives alive long enough to explain the attraction of animals few people ever see, let alone care about.
The pteropod, or "winged snail," was shaped like a manatee, but was as small and delicate as a fly fishing lure, an opaque organism with an orange tail, beating its appendages like wings against the swirling currents in a gently tilted sample jar.
So far, scientists haven't seen any plankton species go extinct, Nelson said from Barrow, Alaska, after a separate, two-week research voyage. But they are closely watching Pacific Ocean plankton found in the Arctic to see if they begin reproducing as sea temperatures rise.
"If a Pacific species was established in the Arctic, this would really be news," he says. "But we have not detected this yet. What could happen in this scenario is that, if the invader out-competes the native species, this could lead to fundamental changes in ecosystem function."
For instance, a smaller, invading species of plankton might replace a larger one, denying fish that used to eat the bigger plankton a key source of food, Nelson says.
Another instrument scientists use aboard the icebreaker is known as a rosette, from the circle of 24 tubes that capture water samples. They are analyzed for their salt content, various chemicals and nutrients, including oxygen content, all to assess the effects of global warming on the northern oceans.
The Arctic is one of the most unforgiving places to learn about Earth and the state of her health. It is also a very expensive place for scientists to work, so it has long been neglected by field researchers.
As concern builds over rising temperatures, the once ice-bound Northwest Passage is opening up to scientists eager to get a better look at what is happening to a region thought to be most vulnerable to early damage from climate change. ....."
Until you peer closer, and listen to what they have to say.
Way down near the bottom of the oceans' food chain, animals known as zooplankton drift on the currents, feeding on each other, eating still lower life forms such as bacteria and viruses, or in most cases, grazing on microscopic plant life, called phytoplankton.
As tiny, and as hard to love, as plankton are, scientists studying them say that if global warming makes things go bad for these organisms, the pain will run all the way up the food chain to humans.
"So in one way, the plankton are a type of canary in a coal mine," says John Nelson, a Department of Fisheries and Oceans scientist examining plankton at the Institute of Ocean Sciences in Sidney, B.C. "They will be affected by, and respond to, environmental change and we can detect this by studying them."
At first glance, zooplankton seem more likely to model for horror movie special effects than a "Save the World" poster.
The Arrow worm, known as the tiger of the zooplankton, is shaped like a torpedo. Its minuscule head has a halo of spines that the creature uses to swallow its prey whole.
Copepods, usually less than 8 millimetres long, are parasites with long antenna and a pair of leg-like limbs that the animal uses to push its hard-shelled body through the water in quick, jerking bursts of speed. Fish larvae love to eat them.
Other species of zooplankton look like microscopic shrimps, or jellyfish with sticky tentacles to trap food and cram it into their mouths. Some glow green – bright green – when bothered.
Kelly Young, 28, is a seagoing technician collecting millions of plankton in sample jars for study later in Nelson's lab, as CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent, pride of Canada's icebreaker fleet, steams through the Northwest Passage.
She has a soft spot for plankton.
"They're actually very pretty to look at," she said, after filling more jars with mushy sludges of sea life that looked like frozen margaritas.
Young is on a team of six Canadian scientists and students aboard the ship they affectionately call The Louis, which set sail for the Arctic's Northwest Passage from St. John's, Nfld., on July 20.
Twice each day, in the morning and evening, The Louis's crew slows the 5,300-tonne ship to a stop in the ocean so the scientists can go to work on the rolling deck. Young runs a piece of equipment called bongo nets because they look like two pairs of drums lashed together.
Little propellers mounted at the top measure the flow of water through long, fine-meshed conical nets. They dance in the frigid wind like Japanese kites when the equipment is winched over the side of the ship to be lowered 100 metres into the ocean.
The nets are quickly hauled back in, at 1 metre per second, so that fish and most other sea animals bigger than plankton escape. Young then washes her catch into small buckets, called cod ends, on each end of the four nets.
She bottles some of the concentrated samples in ethanol to preserve the plankton for DNA analysis. Others end up in formalin, a kind of embalming fluid, so different species of zooplankton can be catalogued, and the number in each group counted.
She kept one of her captives alive long enough to explain the attraction of animals few people ever see, let alone care about.
The pteropod, or "winged snail," was shaped like a manatee, but was as small and delicate as a fly fishing lure, an opaque organism with an orange tail, beating its appendages like wings against the swirling currents in a gently tilted sample jar.
So far, scientists haven't seen any plankton species go extinct, Nelson said from Barrow, Alaska, after a separate, two-week research voyage. But they are closely watching Pacific Ocean plankton found in the Arctic to see if they begin reproducing as sea temperatures rise.
"If a Pacific species was established in the Arctic, this would really be news," he says. "But we have not detected this yet. What could happen in this scenario is that, if the invader out-competes the native species, this could lead to fundamental changes in ecosystem function."
For instance, a smaller, invading species of plankton might replace a larger one, denying fish that used to eat the bigger plankton a key source of food, Nelson says.
Another instrument scientists use aboard the icebreaker is known as a rosette, from the circle of 24 tubes that capture water samples. They are analyzed for their salt content, various chemicals and nutrients, including oxygen content, all to assess the effects of global warming on the northern oceans.
The Arctic is one of the most unforgiving places to learn about Earth and the state of her health. It is also a very expensive place for scientists to work, so it has long been neglected by field researchers.
As concern builds over rising temperatures, the once ice-bound Northwest Passage is opening up to scientists eager to get a better look at what is happening to a region thought to be most vulnerable to early damage from climate change. ....."
